第三方惩罚,也称为利他惩罚,是对侵害他人长处者(也叫第一方)的惩罚,不是由长处受损的受害者(也叫第二方)实行,而是由自身长处没有受损的旁观者(第三方)实行。
Punishment on behalf of third-parties—a critical component of large-scale human cooperation—would not seem to be an ancestral feature of the last common ancestor to humans and chimpanzees.
Consequently, infant looking behaviours were probably decisions made with the intention to punish.————因此,婴儿的凝视很有可能是带着惩罚意图的决定。
Here we show experimentally that constraints on emotion expression can increase the use of costly punishment.——我们的实验结果表明:限制情绪表达,会增长个体惩罚时付出更多代价的意愿。
Emotion expression in human punishment behavior
在家庭教导中,我们也要给孩子模仿这个社会的真实环境。
李笑来《好的家庭教导》
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